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<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;background:white'><span
lang=EN-IN style='font-size:19.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;
color:#610B38'>What is Normalization?</span></p>
<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=circle>
<li class=MsoNormal style='color:black;margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify;
line-height:18.75pt;background:white'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Normalization is the process of
organizing the data in the database.</span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='color:black;margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify;
line-height:18.75pt;background:white'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Normalization is used to
minimize the redundancy from a relation or set of relations. It is also
used to eliminate undesirable characteristics like Insertion, Update, and
Deletion Anomalies.</span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='color:black;margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify;
line-height:18.75pt;background:white'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Normalization divides the larger
table into smaller and links them using relationships.</span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='color:black;margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify;
line-height:18.75pt;background:white'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>The normal form is used to
reduce redundancy from the database table.</span></li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:normal;background:
white'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif;
color:red'>Why do we need Normalization?</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:normal;background:
white'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;
color:#333333'>The main reason for normalizing the relations is removing these
anomalies. Failure to eliminate anomalies leads to data redundancy and can
cause data integrity and other problems as the database grows. Normalization
consists of a series of guidelines that helps to guide you in creating a good
database structure.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:normal;background:
white'><b><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;
color:#333333'>Data modification anomalies can be categorized into three types:</span></b></p>
<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=circle>
<li class=MsoNormal style='color:black;margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify;
line-height:18.75pt;background:white'><b><span lang=EN-IN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Insertion
Anomaly:</span></b><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Segoe UI",sans-serif'> Insertion Anomaly refers to when one cannot
insert a new tuple into a relationship due to lack of data.</span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='color:black;margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify;
line-height:18.75pt;background:white'><b><span lang=EN-IN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Deletion
Anomaly:</span></b><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Segoe UI",sans-serif'> The delete anomaly refers to the situation
where the deletion of data results in the unintended loss of some other
important data.</span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='color:black;margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify;
line-height:18.75pt;background:white'><b><span lang=EN-IN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Updatation
Anomaly:</span></b><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Segoe UI",sans-serif'> The update anomaly is when an update of a
single data value requires multiple rows of data to be updated.</span></li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:15.6pt;background:
white'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif;
color:#610B38'>Types of Normal Forms:</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:normal;background:
white'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif;
color:#333333'>Normalization works through a series of stages called Normal
forms. The normal forms apply to individual relations. The relation is said to
be in particular normal form if it satisfies constraints.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:normal;background:
white'><b><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif;
color:#333333'>Following are the various types of Normal forms:</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal'><span
lang=EN-IN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif'> </span></p>
<table class=MsoNormalTable border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=693
style='width:519.5pt;background:white;border-collapse:collapse;border:none'>
<tr>
<td valign=top style='border-top:solid #C7CCBE 1.0pt;border-left:solid #C7CCBE 1.0pt;
border-bottom:none;border-right:none;background:#C7CCBE;padding:9.0pt 9.0pt 9.0pt 9.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal'><b><span
lang=EN-IN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif;
color:black'>Normal Form</span></b></p>
</td>
<td valign=top style='border-top:solid #C7CCBE 1.0pt;border-left:none;
border-bottom:none;border-right:solid #C7CCBE 1.0pt;background:#C7CCBE;
padding:9.0pt 9.0pt 9.0pt 9.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;line-height:normal'><b><span
lang=EN-IN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif;
color:black'>Description</span></b></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:
normal'><span lang=EN-IN style='color:black'><a
href="https://www.javatpoint.com/dbms-first-normal-form"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif;
color:green;text-decoration:none'>1NF</span></a></span></p>
</td>
<td valign=top style='border:solid #C7CCBE 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:
6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:
normal'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif;
color:#333333'>A relation is in 1NF if it contains an atomic value.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign=top style='border:solid #C7CCBE 1.0pt;border-top:none;background:
#EFF1EB;padding:6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:
normal'><span lang=EN-IN style='color:black'><a
href="https://www.javatpoint.com/dbms-second-normal-form"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif;
color:green;text-decoration:none'>2NF</span></a></span></p>
</td>
<td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid #C7CCBE 1.0pt;
border-right:solid #C7CCBE 1.0pt;background:#EFF1EB;padding:6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:
normal'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif;
color:#333333'>A relation will be in 2NF if it is in 1NF and all non-key
attributes are fully functional dependent on the primary key.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign=top style='border:solid #C7CCBE 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:
6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:
normal'><span lang=EN-IN style='color:black'><a
href="https://www.javatpoint.com/dbms-third-normal-form"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif;
color:green;text-decoration:none'>3NF</span></a></span></p>
</td>
<td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid #C7CCBE 1.0pt;
border-right:solid #C7CCBE 1.0pt;padding:6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:
normal'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif;
color:#333333'>A relation will be in 3NF if it is in 2NF and no transition
dependency exists.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign=top style='border:solid #C7CCBE 1.0pt;border-top:none;background:
#EFF1EB;padding:6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:
normal'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif;
color:#333333'>BCNF</span></p>
</td>
<td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid #C7CCBE 1.0pt;
border-right:solid #C7CCBE 1.0pt;background:#EFF1EB;padding:6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:
normal'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif;
color:#333333'>A stronger definition of 3NF is known as Boyce Codd's normal
form.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign=top style='border:solid #C7CCBE 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:
6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:
normal'><span lang=EN-IN style='color:black'><a
href="https://www.javatpoint.com/dbms-forth-normal-form"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif;
color:green;text-decoration:none'>4NF</span></a></span></p>
</td>
<td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid #C7CCBE 1.0pt;
border-right:solid #C7CCBE 1.0pt;padding:6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:
normal'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif;
color:#333333'>A relation will be in 4NF if it is in Boyce Codd's normal form
and has no multi-valued dependency.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign=top style='border:solid #C7CCBE 1.0pt;border-top:none;background:
#EFF1EB;padding:6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:
normal'><span lang=EN-IN style='color:black'><a
href="https://www.javatpoint.com/dbms-fifth-normal-form"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif;
color:green;text-decoration:none'>5NF</span></a></span></p>
</td>
<td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid #C7CCBE 1.0pt;
border-right:solid #C7CCBE 1.0pt;background:#EFF1EB;padding:6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:
normal'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif;
color:#333333'>A relation is in 5NF. If it is in 4NF and does not contain any
join dependency, joining should be lossless.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:15.6pt;background:
white'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif;
color:#610B38'>Advantages of Normalization</span></p>
<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=circle>
<li class=MsoNormal style='color:black;margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify;
line-height:18.75pt;background:white'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif'>Normalization helps
to minimize data redundancy.</span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='color:black;margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify;
line-height:18.75pt;background:white'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif'>Greater overall
database organization.</span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='color:black;margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify;
line-height:18.75pt;background:white'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif'>Data consistency
within the database.</span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='color:black;margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify;
line-height:18.75pt;background:white'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif'>Much more flexible
database design.</span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='color:black;margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify;
line-height:18.75pt;background:white'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif'>Enforces the
concept of relational integrity.</span></li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:15.6pt;background:
white'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif;
color:#610B38'>Disadvantages of Normalization</span></p>
<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=circle>
<li class=MsoNormal style='color:black;margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify;
line-height:18.75pt;background:white'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif'>You cannot start
building the database before knowing what the user needs.</span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='color:black;margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify;
line-height:18.75pt;background:white'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif'>The performance
degrades when normalizing the relations to higher normal forms, i.e., 4NF,
5NF.</span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='color:black;margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify;
line-height:18.75pt;background:white'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif'>It is very
time-consuming and difficult to normalize relations of a higher degree.</span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='color:black;margin-top:3.0pt;text-align:justify;
line-height:18.75pt;background:white'><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif'>Careless
decomposition may lead to a bad database design, leading to serious
problems.</span></li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-IN style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Arial Rounded MT Bold",sans-serif'> </span></p>
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